Home | AIAA

Get your career ready for takeoff with access to the AIAA network, events, technical resources, and more. Join Today

Domains

domains795x350_aeronautics

domains795x350_rd

domains795x350_space

Featured

2025 SSTC Essay Contest Winners Announced
10 October 2025

We are excited to announce the winners of this year’s Space Systems Technical Committee Student Essay Contest. With the theme “Explore the growing...

Read More
AIAA SciTech Forum 2026 to Break Barriers Together
9 October 2025

AIAA announced registration is open for the premier aerospace R&D event of the year, AIAA SciTech Forum 2026, 12–16 January...

Read More
AIAA Updates Book Proposal Process
9 October 2025

Book and eBook proposals are now accepted through AIAA ScholarOne Books Portal—the same trusted platform many authors already use...

Read More

Resources

Find premiere aerospace technology, engineering, and science content and research across 100+ topics.

Shop Publications

Connect with all of your AIAA colleagues online. Find your community and join the conversation.

Join the Conversation

Aiaafoundation Left Aligned Fullcolor 400

Support the next generation of aerospace professionals through innovative educational programs and recognition.

Featured Events

VIEW ALL EVENTS

AIAA Journal Seminars

img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px;}img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 .07em !important;vertical-align:-.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important;}:root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px;}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer;}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px;}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee;}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131;}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee;}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131;}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3);}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe);}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec);}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671);}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59);}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf);}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc);}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em;}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal);}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge);}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center;}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left;}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right;}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none;}.aligncenter{clear:both;}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start;}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center;}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end;}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between;}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal !important;}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000;}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%;}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em;}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px);}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px;}}.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em;}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha iframe{margin-bottom:0;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="center"] > div{margin:0 auto;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="right"] > div{margin:0 0 0 auto;}.vc_do_custom_heading{margin-bottom:.625rem;margin-top:0;}.vc_do_custom_heading{margin-bottom:.625rem;margin-top:0;}.vc_do_btn{margin-bottom:22px;}.vc_custom_1739359001092{padding-top:48px !important;padding-right:30px !important;padding-bottom:12px !important;padding-left:30px !important;background-color:#fff !important;}.vc_custom_1740833815160{padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:0px !important;padding-bottom:0px !important;padding-left:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739359816276{padding-top:15px !important;padding-right:30px !important;padding-bottom:5px !important;padding-left:30px !important;background-color:#fff !important;}.vc_custom_1740833836101{padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:0px !important;padding-bottom:0px !important;padding-left:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739358862010{margin-bottom:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739362107414{background-color:#fff !important;}.vc_custom_1739344162013{padding-top:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739344166245{padding-top:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739344170693{padding-top:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739363248985{margin-bottom:16px !important;padding-right:0px !important;padding-left:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739363392967{margin-bottom:15px !important;}.vc_custom_1739424955261{margin-right:-24px !important;margin-left:-24px !important;background-color:#fff !important;}.vc_custom_1739424984460{padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739424992045{padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739424997267{padding-top:0px !important;padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739359963897{padding-right:0px !important;padding-left:0px !important;}.vc_custom_1739423429258{margin-bottom:30px !important;}.vc_custom_1739423086785{margin-right:-24px !important;margin-left:-24px !important;}.vc_custom_1744989536385{margin-right:-24px !important;margin-left:-24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422095075{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422077402{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422106787{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422077402{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422095075{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}.vc_custom_1739422106787{padding-right:24px !important;padding-left:24px !important;}:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray:#28303d;--wp--preset--color--gray:#39414d;--wp--preset--color--green:#d1e4dd;--wp--preset--color--blue:#d1dfe4;--wp--preset--color--purple:#d1d1e4;--wp--preset--color--red:#e4d1d1;--wp--preset--color--orange:#e4dad1;--wp--preset--color--yellow:#eeeadd;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,#9b51e0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,#7adcb4 0%,#00d082 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,#cf2e2e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,#eee 0%,#a9b8c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,#4aeadc 0%,#9778d1 20%,#cf2aba 40%,#ee2c82 60%,#fb6962 80%,#fef84c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffceec 0%,#9896f0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,#fecda5 0%,#fe2d2d 50%,#6b003e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffcb70 0%,#c751c0 50%,#4158d0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5cb 0%,#b6e3d4 50%,#33a7b5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,#caf880 0%,#71ce7e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381 0%,#2874fc 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--purple-to-yellow:linear-gradient(160deg,#d1d1e4 0%,#eeeadd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--yellow-to-purple:linear-gradient(160deg,#eeeadd 0%,#d1d1e4 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--green-to-yellow:linear-gradient(160deg,#d1e4dd 0%,#eeeadd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--yellow-to-green:linear-gradient(160deg,#eeeadd 0%,#d1e4dd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-yellow:linear-gradient(160deg,#e4d1d1 0%,#eeeadd 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--yellow-to-red:linear-gradient(160deg,#eeeadd 0%,#e4d1d1 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--purple-to-red:linear-gradient(160deg,#d1d1e4 0%,#e4d1d1 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-purple:linear-gradient(160deg,#e4d1d1 0%,#d1d1e4 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:18px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--font-size--extra-small:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large:40px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:96px;--wp--preset--font-size--gigantic:144px;--wp--preset--spacing--20:.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap:.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap:.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin:0;}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin:0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap:1.25em;}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}a.yydev-back-to-top{background:#1a3d6d url("https://cdn-ildgmmj.nitrocdn.com/brXLuxmeTvcBlqOtqPXdBnfumTMNIMFo/assets/images/optimized/rev-0c5f56d/aiaa.org/wp-content/plugins/back-to-the-top-button/images/back-to-top.png") no-repeat;background-position:50% 43%;width:45px;height:45px;border-radius:50%;right:30px;bottom:30px;border:2px solid #fff;text-indent:-9999px;position:fixed;display:none;z-index:9999;visibility:visible !important;}@media only screen and (max-width: 960px){a.yydev-back-to-top{visibility:visible !important;}}a.yydev-back-to-top.nitro-lazy{background:none !important;}