Tag: moon

Remembering Apollo 11

Members of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics are sharing their experiences and memories of Apollo 11 on AIAA’s Engage platform. Some excerpts are below.

Apollo sets the bar for technical, managerial, and societal achievement. It showed us that we could take on challenges with little or no idea how we would accomplish the goal, suffer through painful accidents, and still achieve the goal. – Dan Dumbacher

I was astounded that we actually made it to the Moon in the summer of 1969.  Not because all our calculations came true, but mainly that we were so lucky with all the hardware.  – Michael Helton

50 years ago I was a student, sitting in a aerodynamics class at Pakistan Air Force College of Aeronautical Engineering Korangi Creek. Our beloved professor Colonel William C Whicher (USAF) brought a big radio into the classroom. We all went hush before Neil Armstrong’s famous words came out of that radio. – Aslam Halim

Collins won the contract for the communications system and I was handed the job of designing the Antenna assembly. I don’t remember the details now, but I do know that my contribution to Apollo made it to the moon and back home. – Robert Reynolds

So my task was to measure the conductivities of samples of RP-1 containing various commercially-available anti-static additives, and determine the additive providing the highest conductivity to the rocket fuel. – Ronald I. Miller

Watching a friend [Neil Armstrong] be the first to step onto the Moon’s surface was an unbelievable experience. I wrote him a letter congratulating him on his execution of the mission and received a wonderful letter back which is my treasure from the Apollo 11 mission. – Lloyd Hackman

The most remarkable thing about the Apollo program to me is that it was accomplished without desktop or handheld computers, on the schedule that all are familiar with. – Lou Cassel

One of my first tasks after coming to Houston from Brooklyn Poly, my boss, George Strouhal, asked me to run an aerodynamic heating computer program for the aft shingle on the Gemini assuming the vehicle oscillated during reentry. Using a crude computer, probably an IBM 709 or 7094, the results came out in about 4 minutes. George then asked me to see if the results were correct and to do this by hand.  It took me about two long days to get results within a 100 degrees Fahrenheit for a simple reentry. – Paul Murad

I am just barely old enough to remember sitting in front of the television, waiting for a rocket to launch. It seemed like forever. My father was a commercial airline pilot. He died when I was very young. But he imprinted his love of airplanes and space travel on our family. – Jolie Elder

I certainly recall the 1st moonwalk, since I was away at summer camp and they woke us all up to go see it in the middle of the night. – Wayne Lundberg

Everything changed in May 1961, when JFK made his famous “Man on the Moon” speech.  Not long after, I met with a fellow from the newly-formed Space Task Group.  He asked what I’d been working on, and I said, “lunar trajectories.”  He said, “Oh, you mean Apollo.”  It was the first time that I’d heard the word. – Jack Crenshaw

On the evening of 18 July 1969, the second full day of the [Boy Scout] Jamboree, we went to the amphitheater for our regular nightly meeting and program. The announcement was made that a special message had been sent to us… You can imagine how we reacted when a moment later we heard Neil Armstrong speaking to us while he was flying toward the Moon. – Russell Cummings

View Full Discussion on AIAA Engage [Login Required]

50 Journal Papers To Celebrate Apollo 11

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: Michele McDonald
703.264.7542
[email protected]

July 8, 2019 – Reston, Va. – Want to learn about the technology that allowed the Apollo program to succeed? From launch-vehicle design to reentry flight dynamics and more, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) has it covered with 50 Papers for 50 Years as part of its 50th anniversary celebration of the first lunar landing.

“AIAA members have played crucial roles in every major aerospace milestone,” said Dan Dumbacher, AIAA executive director. “As the world’s largest professional society dedicated to aerospace, AIAA is proud to celebrate the technical achievements of the dedicated innovators whose work put us on the moon.”

Current editors of AIAA journals selected representative papers with publication dates ranging from 1947 through 2008 from the AIAA journal archives found at AIAA’s Aerospace Research Central (ARC). The papers are available for free and represent a range of technical topics, time periods, and historical perspectives, including pre-Apollo work and events, ground-support development, communication, landing-on-Earth challenges, flight simulations for astronauts, supporting human flight, launch-vehicle design, flight-control development, orbital dynamics, reentry flight dynamics, science, and historical perspectives.

ARC, AIAA’s electronic library, contains titles from AIAA and its predecessor organizations dating back to the 1930s, including eight technical journals, three book series, conference meeting papers, national and international standards documents, a growing number of eBooks and other electronic products.

Please visit https://aiaa.org/resources/apollo-50th/ for more ways AIAA is celebrating the Apollo 50th. For information about the industry’s only conference that encompasses aeronautics, space propulsion and energy technologies, please click on AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition to learn more about the forum held 19-22 August in Indianapolis, Indiana.

About AIAA

The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) is the world’s largest aerospace technical society. With nearly 30,000 individual members from 85 countries, and 98 corporate members, AIAA brings together industry, academia, and government to advance engineering and science in aviation, space, and defense. For more information, aiaa.org, or follow us on Twitter @AIAA.

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American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200, Reston, VA 20191-5807
Phone: 703.264.7558 Fax: 703.264.7551  aiaa.org

China Becomes First Country to Retrieve Rocks from Far Side of the Moon

The New York Times reports, “China brought a capsule full of lunar soil from the far side of the moon down to Earth on Tuesday, achieving the latest success in an ambitious schedule to explore the moon and other parts of the solar system. The sample, retrieved by the China National Space Administration’s Chang’e-6 lander after a 53-day mission, highlights China’s growing capabilities in space.”
Full Story (New York Times)

China’s Chang’e-6 Heads Home Carrying First-Ever Lunar Far Side Samples

Space News reports, “China’s Chang’e-6 spacecraft is on its way to Earth to deliver samples collected from the far side of the moon. The Chang’e-6 service module likely fired its engines for a trans-Earth injection around June 21. The spacecraft is now on the final leg of its complex, 53-day voyage involving a lunar landing, sampling, ascent and docking. A reentry capsule containing the unique samples will be released from the service module shortly before arrival at Earth early June 25.”
Full Story (Space News)

SLIM Moon Lander Powers Back on

Space News reports that Japan’s SLIM moon lander “has resumed operations more than a week after its imperfect yet historic lunar landing.” The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) “confirmed contact had been reestablished with the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) spacecraft late Jan. 28.” The development “comes just days ahead of a likely mission-ending sunset.” The large SUV-sized spacecraft “was forced to power down just two over hours after landing Jan. 19 due to its solar cell not generating electricity.” SLIM finally “powered up again as the position of the sun in the sky changed, finally illuminated SLIM’s solar cell.”
Full Story (Space News)

JAXA’s ‘Moon Sniper’ Missed its Mark

CNN reports that Japan’s space agency “said Thursday that its ‘moon sniper’ robotic explorer landed 55 meters (165 feet) from its target on the lunar surface last week, calling it a ‘significant achievement’ despite problems during the landing that put the mission in jeopardy.” The Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) mission “reached the moon’s surface just after 10:20 a.m. ET (12:20 a.m. Saturday Japan Standard Time) on January 19, according to data shared by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.” During its descent, the spacecraft experienced “some kind of anomaly” at a “distance of around 50 meters (165 feet) above the surface, JAXA officials said in a news conference.” The thrust from “one of the main engines was lost as a result, forcing the spacecraft to land on its nose with its ‘main engine facing upward and in an almost vertical position.’”
Full Story (CNN)

Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land a Spacecraft on the Moon

ABC News reports “Japan became the fifth country in history to reach the moon” when one of its uncrewed spacecrafts “successfully made a soft landing on the lunar surface early Saturday.”  Japan’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) touched down within the Shioli crater at 10:20 a.m. Eastern, Jan. 19 (12:20 a.m. JST, Jan. 20). JAXA confirmed the successful landing approximately two hours later. Japanese space officials “said the craft’s solar panel had failed to generate power, which could shorten its activity on the moon.”  Japan joins the US, China, the Soviet Union, and India as all having made it to the lunar surface.
Full Story (ABC News)

China’s Chang’e-6 Collects Moon Samples and Launches Them into Lunar Orbit

Space News reports, “Material from the far side of the moon has begun its journey for Earth after Chinese spacecraft collected samples and launched them into lunar orbit. The Chang’e-6 mission ascent vehicle lifted off from atop the mission lander in Apollo crater at 7:38 p.m. Eastern June 3 (2338 UTC), the China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced. The ascender is now tracking the Chang’e-6 orbiter in a retrograde low lunar orbit.”
Full Story (Space News)

Czech Republic Signs Artemis Accords

SPACE reports that a ceremony held at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday “the Czech Republic’s Foreign Minister Jan Lipavský signed the Artemis Accords on behalf of the nation alongside NASA Administrator Bill Nelson.” The Czech Republic now “becomes the 24th country to sign on to the international agreement that lays out principles for responsible exploration and development of the moon and space.” Lipavsky said during the ceremony, “I believe that the Artemis Accords will enable closer cooperation and coordination between like-minded nations. We believe that the signature will kickstart the development of an institutional and industrial cooperation within the Artemis community.”
Full Story (SPACE)

SpaceX Targeting December 11 for Japanese Moon Lander Launch

SPACE reports that SpaceX is “now targeting Sunday (Dec. 11) for the launch of a private Japanese moon lander after a series of delays.” If all goes according to plan, a Falcon 9 rocket “will launch the Tokyo-based company ispace’s Hakuto-R lander toward the moon on Sunday at 2:38 a.m. EST (0738 GMT), SpaceX announced today.” Sunday will be “a big day for space fans: NASA’s Orion capsule is scheduled to return to Earth that afternoon, wrapping up the agency’s Artemis 1 moon mission.” The coming SpaceX flight, “which will kick off ispace’s Mission 1, was originally supposed to get off the ground last month. It has been pushed back several times, however, so SpaceX could perform additional checks on the Falcon 9.” The company said “in today’s update that the Falcon 9 and the Hakuto-R lander, which is also carrying a small United Arab Emirates moon rover, are both ‘looking good for launch’ no earlier than Sunday.”
Full Story (SPACE)

SpaceX Launch Aims to Send Private Lander to the Moon

The Orlando (FL) Sentinel reports that a Falcon 9 rocket “is carrying private Japanese company ispace’s HAKUTO-R Mission 1 lunar lander, the first of a planned series of landers that if successful will make it the first commercial soft landing ever on the moon.” Also on board is “NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s briefcase-sized Lunar Flashlight, that plans to map ice in the permanently shadowed spaces near the moon’s south pole.” Liftoff from Canaveral’s Space Launch Complex 40 “is set for…Thursday at 3:37 a.m.” The HAKUTO-R series lander is “small, less than 8 feet tall weighing around 750 pounds at landing including space for about 66 pounds of customer cargo.” It’s taking the long way “around to the moon after launch using the gravity of Earth and the sun for an assist before a planned touchdown five months after launch in April 2023, an effort to trade off costly fuel for payload space.”
Full Story (Orlando Sentinel)

SpaceX’s Starship to Launch Private Moon Rover in 2026

SPACE reported that Astrolab has secured an agreement with SpaceX to launch its Flexible Logistics and Exploration (FLEX) rover on one of SpaceX’s Starship moon missions. The mission could occur as early as 2026. FLEX would be the largest rover ever to operate on the moon’s surface. The rover would be able to carry two astronauts and could alternately be remote-controlled. Astrolab built FLEX “within NASA’s requirements for the agency’s Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) specifications, and hopes to have an entire FLEX fleet roving the moon’s surface as part of the Artemis program.”
Full Story (SPACE)

DARPA Seeks Private-Sector Input on Capabilities to Build Large Structures on the Moon

Space News  reports that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is seeking input from the space industry “about their capabilities to manufacture large structures on the moon” for a new project, which was announced Friday, called, “Novel Orbital and Moon Manufacturing, Materials and Mass-efficient Design.” DARPA Defense Sciences Office Program Manager Bill Carter said in a statement that the agency is looking to “develop foundational materials, processes, and designs needed to realize in-space manufacturing of large, precise and resilient Defense Department systems.” The agency is inviting “companies that have technologies in this area” to join a webinar scheduled for February 26. DARPA “does not intend to issue any contracts now but is doing market research for a future solicitation.”
Full Story (Space News)

Rocket Stage Headed for Moon Impact Likely from 2014 Chang’e Mission

Space News reports that a rocket stage “expected to impact the moon is still most likely to belong to China’s 2014 moon mission, despite a denial from the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.” Independent spectral analysis “by students at the University of Arizona also adds to the evidence that the object’s identity most likely belongs to China’s Chang’e-5 T1 mission.” University of Arizona associate professor Vishnu Reddy said, “We took a spectrum and compared it with Chinese and SpaceX rockets of similar types, and it matches the Chinese rocket. This is the best match, and we have the best possible evidence at this point.”
Full Story (Space News)

NASA Selects Design Concepts for Lunar Nuclear Power Stations

SPACE reports that NASA “and the U.S. Department of Energy selected three design concept proposals that the government hopes could be ready for use on the moon by the end of the 2020s, to support the space agency’s Artemis program of lunar exploration.” NASA sees the $5 million contracts “as potentially useful for the exploration of Mars and other deeper-space destinations.” The selected teams “are led by Lockheed Martin, Westinghouse and IX (a joint venture of Intuitive Machines and X-Energy)” and are to “provide NASA critical information from industry that can lead to a joint development of a full flight-certified fission power system.”
Full Story (SPACE)

NASA Requests Proposals for Nuclear Reactor on Moon

The Orlando (FL) Sentinel reports that NASA and the US Department of Energy’s Idaho National Laboratory “put out a request for proposals for a fission surface power system” on November 19. NASA and the Idaho National Laboratory are planning “to establish a sun-independent power source for missions to the moon by the end of the decade.”
Full Story (Orlando Sentinel)

Starship Could Get Humans to the Moon

The Guardian (UK) reports that SpaceX’s Starship is to conduct its first orbital test launch next month. Starship “is seen by many as a pathway back to the moon for the first time in half a century and maybe the first vehicle to eventually land humans on Mars.”
Full Story (The Guardian)